Direct and Indirect Measures, Reliability
Direct and Indirect Measures :
A direct measure is obtained by applying measurement rules directly to the phenomenon of interest.For example, by using the specified counting rules, a software program’s “Line of Code” can be measured directly.
An indirect measure is obtained by combining direct measures.For example, number of “Function Points” is an indirect measure determined by counting a system’s inputs, outputs, queries, files, and interfaces
Software Reliability
- IEEE 982.1-1988 defines software reliability as “The ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.”
- Is the probability that a system will operate without failure under given environmental conditions for a specified period of time.
- Aims at fault-free performance of software systems
Software reliability engineering
- Engineering (applied science) discipline
- Measure, predict, manage reliability
- Statistical modeling
- Customer perspective:
- failures vs. faults
- meaningful time vs. development days
- customer operational profile
SRE Process
- List Associated Systems
- Lists all systems associated with the product that must be tested independently and are of two types Base product & variations and Super-systems
- Develop Operational Profiles
- An Operational profile is a Complete set of commands with their probabilities of occurrence
- System Testers and System engineers are included
- Define “Just Right” Reliability
- Define what “failure” means for the product – Failure is defined as any Departure of system Behavior in execution from user needs – Failure intensity is the number of Failures per unit time
- Choose a common Measure for all failure intensities, either Failures per some natural unit or Failures per hour
- Set the total system Failure Intensity Objective (FIO) for each associated System – using Field data like Customer Satisfaction surveys related to measured failure intensity, – an analysis of competing products balancing among major quality characteristics users need.
- Finding a developed software failure intensity objective for any software you develop plus choosing among software reliability strategies to meet the developed software
- Prepare for Test
- Specify the new Test cases for new operations of base product and variation for current release based on operation profile
- Prepares Test procedures to execute load tests
- Execute Test
- determine an allocated Test time among Feature test, Load test, and Regression test, invoke test and identity system failure along with when they occur
- Feature tests – Interactions and Effects of the field environment minimized
- Load tests- execute Test cases simultaneously, with full interactions and all the effects of the Field environment
- Regression test-executes some or all feature tests and it is designed to reveal failures caused by faults introduced by program changes
- Guiding Test
- Involves guiding the product’s system Test phase and Release
- Failure data is interpreted differently for software we are developing and software we acquire. We attempt to remove the faults that are causing Failures
- For developed software, we estimate the FI/FIO ratio from the times of failure events or the number of failures per time interval, using reliability estimation programs such as CASRE (Computer Aided Software Reliability estimation)
Frequently Asked Questions
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Ans: There are three such classes:
Process are collection of software related activities.
Products are any artifacts, deliverables or documents that result from a process activity view more..
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Ans: Quantitative measure of degree to which a system, component or process possesses a given attribute
For ex. No. of errors found per person hours expended
Cost and Effort Estimation : Boehm’s COCOMO model, Putnam’s SLIM Model & Albrecht’s function model. view more..
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Ans: Costs fall into two categories. There are cost associated with developing the systems and there are costs associated with a operating a system. view more..
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Ans: A direct measure is obtained by applying measurement rules directly to the phenomenon of interest.For example, by using the specified counting rules, a software program’s “Line of Code” can be measured directly. and sofware reliabity is .... view more..
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Ans: What Is Information Systems Analysis and Design?
Information systems analysis and design is a method used by companies ranging from IBM to PepsiCo to Sony to create and maintain information systems that perform basic business functions such as keeping track of customer names and addresses, processing orders, and paying employees. The main goal of systems analysis and design is to improve organizational systems, typically through applying software that can help employees accomplish key business tasks more easily and efficiently. As a systems analyst, you will be at the center of developing this software.
view more..
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Ans: concurrency of components, lack of a global clock and independent failures of
components and the ability to work well when the load or the number of
users increases – failure handling, concurrency of components, transparency and
providing quality of service view more..
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Ans: the wide range of applications in use today,
from relatively localized systems (as found, for example, in a car or aircraft) to globalscale systems involving millions of nodes, from data-centric services to processorintensive tasks, from systems built from very small and relatively primitive sensors to
those incorporating powerful computational elements, from embedded systems to ones
that support a sophisticated interactive user experience, and so on. view more..
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Ans: The task of a web search engine is to index the entire contents of the
World Wide Web, encompassing a wide range of information styles including web
pages, multimedia sources and (scanned) books view more..
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Ans: The growth of the World Wide Web as a repository of information and
knowledge; the development of web search engines such as Google
and Yahoo to search this vast repository view more..
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Ans: The engineering of MMOGs represents a major challenge for distributed systems
technologies, particularly because of the need for fast response times to preserve the user
experience of the game. view more..
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Ans: a very different style of underlying architecture from the styles mentioned above (for
example client-server), and such systems typically employ what is known as
distributed event-based systems. view more..
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Ans: the emergence of ubiquitous computing coupled with the desire to support user
mobility in distributed systems view more..
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Ans: The Internet is also a very large distributed system. It enables users, wherever they
are, to make use of services such as the World Wide Web, email and file transfer.
(Indeed, the Web is sometimes incorrectly equated with the Internet.) view more..
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Ans: Technological advances in device miniaturization and wireless networking have led
increasingly to the integration of small and portable computing devices into distributed
systems. view more..
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Ans: The crucial characteristic of continuous media types is that they include a
temporal dimension, and indeed, the integrity of the media type is fundamentally
dependent on preserving real-time relationships between elements of a media type. view more..
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Ans: hysical resources such as storage and processing can be made available to
networked computers, removing the need to own such resources on their own. At
one end of the spectrum, a user may opt for a remote storage facility for file
storage requirements view more..
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Ans: In practice, patterns of resource sharing vary widely in their scope and in how
closely users work together. At one extreme, a search engine on the Web provides a
facility to users throughout the world, users who need never come into contact with one
another directly. At the other extreme, in computer-supported cooperative working
(CSCW), a group of users who cooperate directly share resources such as documents in
a small, closed group. view more..
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Ans: Data types such as integers may be represented in different ways on different sorts
of hardware – for example, there are two alternatives for the byte ordering of integers.
These differences in representation must be dealt with if messages are to be exchanged
between programs running on different hardware view more..
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