Shift Micro-operations - logical, circular, arithmetic shifts
Shift rnicrooperations are used for serial transfer of data. They are also used in conjunction with arithmetic, logic, and other data-processing operations. The contents of a register can be shifted to the left or the right. At the same time that the bits are shifted, the first flip-flop receives its binary information from the serial input. During a shift-left operation the serial input transfers a bit into the rightmost position. During a shift-right operation the serial input transfers a bit into the leftmost position. The information transferred through the serial input determines the type of shift. There are three types of shifts: logical, circular, and arithmetic.
Logical shift: A logical shift is one that transfers 0 through the serial input. We will adopt the symbols shl and shr for logical shift-left and shift-right rnicrooperations. For example:
R1 ← shl R1
R2 ← shr R2
are two rnicrooperations that specify a 1-bit shift to the left of the content of register R 1 and a 1-bit shift to the right of the content of register R2. The register symbol must be the same on both sides of the arrow. The bit transferred to the end position through the serial input is assumed to be 0 during a logical shift.
The circular shift (also known as a rotate operation) circulates the bits of the register around the two ends without loss of information. This is accomplished by connecting the serial output of the shift register to its serial input. We will use the symbols cil and cir for the circular shift left and right, respectively. The symbolic notation for the shift rnicrooperations is shown in Table 4-7.
An arithmetic shift is a rnicrooperation that shifts a signed binary number to the left or right. An arithmetic shift-left multiplies a signed binary number by 2. An arithmetic shift-right divides the number by 2. Arithmetic shifts must leave the sign bit unchanged because the sign of the number remains the same
when it is multiplied or divided by 2. The leftmost bit in a register holds the sign bit, and the remaining bits hold the number. The sign bit is 0 for positive and 1 for negative. Negative numbers are in 2's complement form. Figure 4-11 shows a typical register of n bits. Bit Rn- 1 in the leftmost position holds the sign bit. Rn-2 is the most significant bit of the number and Ro is the least significant bit. The arithmetic shift-right leaves the sign bit unchanged and shifts the number (including the sign bit) to the right. Thus Rn-1 remains the same, Rn-2 receives the bit from Rn-1 and so on for the other bits in the register. The bit in Ro is lost.
The arithmetic shift-left inserts a 0 into R0 and shifts all other bits to the left. The initial bit of Rn-1 is lost and replaced by the bit from Rn-2. A sign reversal occurs if the bit in Rn-1 changes in value after the shift. This happens if the multiplication by 2 causes an overflow. An overflow occurs after an arithmetic shift left if initially, before the shift, Rn-1 is not equal to Rn-2. An overflow flip-flop Vs can be used to detect an arithmetic shift-left overflow.
Vs = Rn-1 + Rn-2
If Vs = 0, there is no overflow, but if Vs = I, there is an overflow and a sign reversal after the shift. Vs must be transferred into the overflow flip-flop with the same clock pulse that shifts the register.
Hardware implementation
A possible choice for a shift unit would be a bidirectional shift register with parallel load (see Fig. 2-9). Information can be transferred to the register in parallel and then shifted to the right or left. In this type of configuration, a clock pulse is needed for loading the data into the register, and another pulse is needed to initiate the shift. In a processor unit with many registers it is more efficient to implement the shift operation with a combinational circuit. In this way the content of a register that has to be shifted is first placed onto a common bus whose output is connected to the combinational shifter, and the shifted number is then loaded back into the register. This requires only one clock pulse for loading the shifted value into the register.
shifter:
A combinational circuit shifter can be constructed with multiplexers as shown in Fig. 4-12. The 4-bit shifter has four data inputs, A0 through A3 and four data outputs, H0 through H3. There are two serial inputs, one for shift left (IL) and the other for shift right (h).
When the selection input S = 0, the input data are shifted right (down in the diagram). When S = 1, the input data are shifted left (up in the diagram). The function table in Fig. 4-12 shows which input goes to each output after the shift. A shifter with n data inputs and outputs requires n multiplexers. The two serial inputs can be controlled by another multiplexer to provide the three possible types of shifts.
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